by galled » Mon Jul 24, 2023 11:18 am
It's all about speed and friction. The thicker/denser the atmosphere, the more friction (burning). The slowest part of egress from earth is in the densest part. Friction increases at the rate of the square of the speed, so as rockets leave the earth and speeds up the atmosphere thins. The opposite happens coming back in (an object actually slows down a bit when it hits the denser section of the atmosphere--think "sound barrier"), but going very fast in a thick medium will cause friction--too much friction and things get very hot.
Leaving stuff around is a matter of physics/energy conservation--you can't get something for nothing. The amount of energy it takes to move something let alone return it must be brought along with you. We just don't have the energy density technology yet to clean up after ourselves. Sure, SpaceX is making launching more efficient, but we need Star Trek gobs of power to be able to clean up after ourselves/pack out our trash. We're so dull edge primitive (as opposed to bleeding edge) at this point, we're lucky we can get anywhere at all off planet. I think we'll get there eventually...